Lying is a deliberate choice to mislead a target without giving any notification of the intent to do so. There are two major forms of lying: concealment, leaving out true information; and falsification, or presenting false information as if it were true.
Paul Ekman (2009). “Telling Lies: Clues to Deceit in the Marketplace, Politics, and Marriage (Revised Edition)”, p.41, W. W. Norton & Company
